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Biology VCE practice questions

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Question 1Responding to antigens and immunity10 marks
Discuss the role of $B$ cells and $T$ cells in adaptive immunity, including their activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Include a description of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should discuss the role of $B$ cells and $T$ cells in adaptive immunity, including their activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and describe the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including the production of antibodies and the activation of cytotoxic $T$ cells.
Question 2Genetic changes and evolution2 marks
Explain the role of genetic drift in shaping the genetic diversity of a population, including the effect of small population size.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should explain the role of genetic drift as a random process that changes the frequency of a gene or trait in a population, and describe the effect of small population size on genetic drift, including the increased likelihood of fixation or loss of a gene or trait.
Question 3Regulation of biochemical pathways8 marks
Discuss the role of allosteric enzymes in regulating biochemical pathways. Include a description of the binding of allosteric effectors to the enzyme, and explain how this binding affects enzyme activity.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should discuss the role of allosteric enzymes in regulating biochemical pathways, describe the binding of allosteric effectors to the enzyme, explain how this binding affects enzyme activity, and include examples of allosteric enzymes and their regulation.
Question 4Responding to antigens and immunity2 marks
Describe the role of neutrophils in innate immunity, including their function in phagocytosis.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should describe the role of neutrophils as a type of white blood cell, and explain their function in phagocytosis, including the recognition and engulfment of pathogens.
Question 5From the cell to the organism3 marks
Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue, including its role in protecting the body and regulating the exchange of materials.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should describe the structure of epithelial tissue, including its arrangement of cells, explain its function in protecting the body from external damage and pathogens, and describe its role in regulating the exchange of materials, such as nutrients and waste products.
Question 6How do cells maintain life12 marks
Discuss the process of cellular respiration, including the light-independent reactions and the light-dependent reactions. Include a description of the $ATP$ yield from the complete breakdown of one molecule of $C_6H_{12}O_6$.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should discuss the process of cellular respiration, including the light-independent reactions and the light-dependent reactions, describe the $ATP$ yield from the complete breakdown of one molecule of $C_6H_{12}O_6$, and discuss the importance of cellular respiration in generating energy for the cell.
Question 7From the cell to the organism3 marks
Describe the role of the mitochondria in generating energy for the cell. Include the process of $ATP$ production.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should describe the mitochondria as the site of cellular respiration, explain the process of $ATP$ production through the electron transport chain, and discuss the importance of mitochondria in generating energy for the cell.
Question 8How do cells maintain life2 marks
Explain how the human body maintains a stable internal temperature through the process of homeostasis. Include the role of the hypothalamus.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should explain the role of the hypothalamus as the primary temperature regulator, and describe how homeostasis maintains a stable internal temperature through negative feedback mechanisms.
Question 9Genetic changes and evolution3 marks
Explain the process of natural selection, including the role of genetic variation, mutation, and gene flow.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should explain the process of natural selection, including the role of genetic variation, mutation, and gene flow, and describe the outcome of natural selection on a population.
Question 10Regulation of biochemical pathways9 marks
Discuss the role of transcription factors in regulating gene expression, including their binding to specific $DNA$ sequences and the recruitment of $RNA$ polymerase. Include a description of the regulation of the lac operon in $E. coli$.
What a full answer covers
A full-mark answer should discuss the role of transcription factors in regulating gene expression, describe their binding to specific $DNA$ sequences, explain the recruitment of $RNA$ polymerase and the initiation of transcription, and include a description of the regulation of the lac operon in $E. coli$, including the role of the lac repressor and the inducer molecule.

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Biology VCE practice questions

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